Format Title of Software version or year , Publisher Name. Accessed: Date when applicable. Available: URL. Trinket , Trinket. Available: trinket. Dates: Use the Abbreviated month. Year, Month Day. Patent Number [Type of medium]. Australia Patent [Online]. Use the issued date if there are multiple dates. A Author. Title of Lecture [Type of Medium]. Introduction to Programming Fundamentals [PowerPoint slides].
Available: www. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month year. Aston, private communication, Jul. Notes Month abbreviations: Abbreviated months e. Example B. Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre the heading of "References". We recommend you print or save using a different browser. Edge will not capture the whole guide only the open accordion. Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available.
You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information. More answers. Find us in the libraries or contact us by phone or online.
Request form. We offer online workshops on researching, referencing, structuring assignments and exam preparation. Come along and improve your skills!
Get free online tutoring to improve your writing. You can submit your writing for detailed review, request an appointment or submit questions online. A tutor will respond within 24 hours.
You can use this service for up to 3 hours per trimester. IEEE Referencing guide. IEEE examples In-text. As shown by [5] Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5] Wood et al. As mentioned earlier [2], [4]—[7], [9] Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the source. The source retains the same number as the first citation. The number appears on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation [ ].
Use et al when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text. Book Journal, newspaper article Report, conference, thesis Figure, table, data, statistics Website, video, audio, software Standard, patent, unpublished Other Book Book — electronic Format.
Names: If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author followed by et al. Book — print Format. Book chapter Format. Journal article — electronic with URL Format. Names: If there are more than six authors listed, use the primary author followed by et al. Journal article — print Format. Newspaper article — electronic Format.
Newspaper article — print Format. Report, conference, thesis Report Format. Conference paper Format. Conference proceedings — electronic Format. Conference proceedings — print Format. Thesis or dissertation — electronic Format. Thesis or dissertation — print Format. Figure, table, data, statistics Figures, tables, equations Format. Use the source citation e. Lee [3] The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
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Next is the title of the book, recorded in italics, and in 'sentence case'. In this instance we have an edition of the book to record, so this goes at the end of the title in normal font in a bracket, the word 'edition' is abbreviated to 'ed' followed by a full stop.
A further full stop is placed after the bracket. If this resource was a print copy only or a copy available through an online database, the reference entry would end after the publisher name with a full stop. However, this print book has a DOI listed on the verso page.
APA7 rules state that if a resource is allocated a DOI it must be included in the reference list entry. The doi is entered after the publisher name. No full stop is entered after the doi as this would alter the doi code. The 'Who' element, the authors, When, the year of publication, the 'What' are the titles of the article and the journal.
The 'Where' information is the volume and issue number, the page numbers, and also the DOI. We have the four elements so we can create our reference. Author family names first, followed by first name initials, followed by full stop. The year in brackets followed by full stop. Next is the article title in sentence case. Again 'Sentence case' means capital letter only for the first word, any word that appears after a colon in the title or is a proper noun. Next is the journal title in italics.
This is followed by a comma, then the volume and issue number are recorded. The volume number is also recorded in italics, but the issue number is not. This element is followed by a comma, then the page numbers are recorded, followed by a full stop. Finally the DOI. We do not place full stop at the end of the reference, as this would alter the doi code.
Finally let's look at a document from the Web. Examine the webpage to find the four elements - the author, the date of publication, the title, and where it is located. In this instance we provide the URL address. Note that for a webpage we provide the most specific date possible. In this example the year, month and day are provided so this information is included in our reference list entry.
Now we can create our reference. Author name, date in brackets entered in the order of year, month and day. Title in italics and the URL. And again, we don't add a full stop as this would alter the URL. The word 'References' is centred at the top of the page, and your list is in alphabetical order based on the surname of your authors.
Do not change the way the authors are listed on the resource. The reference list is double-spaced and has a hanging indent. Also note for a work with up to 20 authors, include all the names surname and initials in the reference. When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.
This video is an introduction to creating a reference list in the APA7 referencing style. More detailed examples and explanations can be found in the Referencing Guides on the Griffith library webpage.
Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre the heading of "References". Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education 2nd ed. Vessenes, P. Delegation of authority. Journal of Financial Planning, 14 8 , We recommend you print or save using a different browser. Edge will not capture the whole guide only the open accordion. Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available.
You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information. More answers. Find us in the libraries or contact us by phone or online. Request form. We offer online workshops on researching, referencing, structuring assignments and exam preparation. Come along and improve your skills!
Get free online tutoring to improve your writing. You can submit your writing for detailed review, request an appointment or submit questions online. A tutor will respond within 24 hours. You can use this service for up to 3 hours per trimester.
APA 7 Referencing guide. APA 7 examples How to create in-text citations How to format a reference list Official manual and style blog How to print or save guide Ask the library. Need APA6? APA 7 examples In-text. Quick author summary Authors Reference list Parenthetical in-text citation Narrative in-text citation 1 Fetherston, T.
World Health Organisation. Carter et al. Carter, Brown, Murphy, et al. Carter, Brown, Murphy, Harris, et al. Notes on et al. For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al. Author, editor, translator Quote, cite, missing details First Peoples materials Book, chapter, encyclopedia Journal, newspaper article Report, government, thesis Video, audio, music, scripts Data, statistics, standard Website, social media, software Clinical, medical, legal Image, figure, table, lecture, other Author, editor, translator One author In-text.
The term "Author" refers to the author's last name if an individual , or the name of the organisation producing the work. Author Year paraphrased idea sentence. Author Year "direct quote from source" p. Rational-emotive therapy developed as a cognitive, positivist therapy Ellis, Reference list.
The term "Author, A. The author Albert Ellis becomes: Ellis, A. Spell out in full the name of the organisation in the reference list entry followed by a full stop: Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services. Two authors In-text. The term "Author" refers to the author's last name. FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor Year paraphrased idea sentence. FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor Year "direct quote from source" p.
The author Anthony Bohm becomes: Bohm, A. Three to twenty authors In-text. FirstAuthor et al. Year "direct quote from source" p. Provide last names and initials for up to and including 20 authors. When there are 2 to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. For example Author, A. Twenty-one or more authors In-text. Students when preparing for exams enjoy listening to indie pop bands Wiskunde et al. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis The term "Author" refers to the name of the corporation, organisation, group or government agency or department.
CorporateAuthor Year paraphrased idea sentence. CorporateAuthor Year "direct quote from source" p. Spell out the full name of a corporate author in the reference list entry, followed by a full stop.
For example Griffith University. Do not include the any corporate author abbreviation in the reference list. Editors Format. Fetherston, T. Becoming an effective teacher.
Thomson Learning. Translators and Classics Format. Original work published Year Author, A. Original work published Rosenkranz, K. Original work published Piaget, J. Original work published Republished work Shakespeare, W. When citing a translated or a republished work in-text use the following format. No author Rule. A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably be determined.
In this situation move the title of the work to the author position. If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation. If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation.
Capitalize these titles in the text using title case. For example: Interpersonal Skills When the author of the work is indicated as "Anonymous", then use Anonymous in place of the author in the in-text citation. For example: Anonymous, Article title. Title of source, Volume issue , Pages.
Abbreviations Abbreviation Element Abbreviation Element ed. Quote, cite, missing details Quoting from sources In-text. Use the following formats to create direct quotes from sources. Ellis states: As the first of today's cognitive-behavioural therapies, RET in was highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive.
Its ABC theory of human disturbance held that people experience undesirable activating events, that they have rational and irrational beliefs about these stimuli, and that they create appropriate emotional and behavioral consequences with their rational beliefs or they create inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with their irrational beliefs.
Indent all lines of the block quote Do not enclose block quote with quotation marks Add page number after final full stop See section 8.
Citing parts of a source - page number, paragraph, time stamp, section Rule. To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus information about the specific part. Author Year, para. Author Year, hh:mm:ss "Title", Year, hh:mm:ss Note hh:mm:ss refers to hours:minutes:seconds.
Use time stamp to indicate specific time point in a video or audio source. Author Year, "Heading title" section "Title", Year, "Heading title" section Note When citing webpages use the heading title of the section to show where in the source the direct quote was taken from. Gillard , p. Hogan , para. Griffith University , "Top 10 music videos of ", , Griffith University , "In-text citations" section Downing, , "For fitness junkies" section.
Sources citing other sources Format. Cowie, S. Libraries are the best places. In the reference list only refer to the source where you found the information, not the original source. If the year of the publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text. If year of the primary source publication is unknown omit from the in-text citation, for example: as cited in Cowie, Multiple works by the same author published in the same year Rule.
To differentiate references with the same author and year, place a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. Ramsden a, b lists several reasons for what makes a university effective. Learning to lead in higher education.
Multiple references in one citation Rule. List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons. Many agree that Australia has some of the best beaches in the world Brown, ; Scott, ; Turner, For two or more works by the same authors when citing in-text arrange them by year of publication.
For example Jones, , , No date Rule. For works without a date or year of publication use the abbreviation n. Royal Institute of British Architects, n.
Royal Institute of British Architects n. No title Rule. For works without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets instead. First Peoples materials We respectfully advise that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this guide may contain images or names of people who have passed away. First Peoples materials Book Format. If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author. Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.
Omit information if not known. Fetherston, Fetherston 2 Crossman, J. Web page Format. If no date is available, use n. If the webpage content is designed to change over time add a retrieval date. If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.
Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed online Format. If the artist is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the artist.
If the title is not known, use [Untitled] in place of the Title. Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed in person Format. Personal communication is only included in the body of your work. For example, if using a yarning methodology. If you are yourself a First Peoples author and are sharing your own experiences, you do not need to provide any form of citation either in-text or in the reference list.
However, you should describe yourself in the text to contextualise the information you are sharing this would include what nation you belong to and where you live. First Peoples author treatment Multiple authors from different countries or nations Rule.
Examples have been provided for two different resource types. You will need to apply the rule to the type of resource you are referencing. Works by First Peoples and non-Indigenous creators Rule. Book, chapter, encyclopedia Book — electronic Format. Book — print Format. Book chapter Format. Use Ed. Book with editor Format. Book review Format.
Reviewer, A. Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets book, motion picture, television program, etc. If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names after the title of the book, separated by comma. If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year of release after the title of work, separated by a comma. Encyclopedia Format. When an online reference work is continually updated and not archived , use n.
Dictionary Format. Journal, newspaper article Journal article — electronic Format. Journal article — advance online publication and in press Format. Advance online publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works before they have gone to print.
It may not have had a final edit or be formatted for final production. In press publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works that have been accepted for publication in a future issue of a journal. Journal article — print Format. Newspaper article Format.
Newspaper Title , Page. Apples for best teachers. The Sydney Morning Herald , p. Print newspaper articles require page numbers. If an article continues across discontinuous pages list them all, separated by a comma e. If no author of article is available use the title.
News webpage Format. Report, government, thesis Government publication Format. Organisation OR Author, A. Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author. Report Format. Tobacco in Greece [Country report]. Use the corporate author when no individual author is available, for example: Morningstar, Economist Intelligence Unit, Griffith University.
Conference paper Format. Presenter, A. Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as paper presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium. Thesis or dissertation — from a database Format. Thesis or dissertation — from a university or institutional repository Format.
Fetherston, 2 Crossman, J. Louden et al. Khokhlova et al. Video, audio, music, scripts Video stream — database Format. Credit people involved such as the director, producer and executive producer in place of the author. When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year. Add timestamps in the following format hour: minutes: seconds.
For example: hh:mm:ss; Video stream — YouTube or Vimeo Format. The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work. Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text of your assignment.
Writer, A. The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Film], [Film; three disc special ed. Audio stream or podcast Format. Original work published Page, S. All that you can't leave behind [Album; CD]. The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Album], [Album; CD], [Album; extended edition LP] Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieving the work, for example: SoundCloud or artist's website For additional information see section Music scores Format.
ComposerLastName, A. Original work published Lerch, L. Music scores - unpublished Format. Tidrow, T. If there is uncertainty regarding the title of the unpublished score, then place the working title inside square brackets. Music encyclopedias and dictionaries Format. Entry title. J Kelly, B. Playscripts Format. Originally published Shakespeare, W. Data, statistics, standard Dataset Format.
Usually statistical data may not have a proper title, in that case describe the dataset inside square brackets. Statistics Format. Year is the publication year or the most recent revision If a catalogue number is given, include it after the title, in parentheses, for example: Catalogue No. Standard Format. Standards Organization. Patent Format. Inventor, A. Author is the name of the inventor to whom the patent was issued.
Year is the year the patent was issued not filed. Website, social media, software Web page Format. If a website does not have an obvious author, use the name of the website company as the author. If author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element.
Web document Format. For unusual items, include the format in square brackets after the document title. Blog post Format. Do not italicise title of posts If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote.
Social media Format. Computer software Format. Clinical, medical, legal Clinical and medical Cochrane database systematic review Format. UpToDate Format. Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation. Add double quotation marks around the title. Use the year of last update in the date element. Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source. Australian Medicines Handbook Format. DynaMed Plus Format. DynaMed articles may have a named topic editor. For DynaMed Plus use the title in place of the author. Legislation Rule. Title of the Act Year Jurisdiction abbreviation s Subdivision number-if applicable Country abbreviation if not evident from context.
When an act does not have a short title, the long title should be used. Capitalise the names of Acts when referring to them in-text and in reference list.
If referring to the Act as a whole, or citing multiple sections in text, do not give section numbers in the reference list. Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2.
Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following: chapter s - ch, chs section s - s, ss schedule s - sch, schs part s - pt, pts division s - div, divs subdivision s - sub-div, sub-divs paragraph s - para, paras.
Bill Rule. Title of the Bill Year Jurisdiction abbreviation s Subdivision number - if applicable Country abbreviation if not evident from context. Titles of bills are not italicized. Case Rule. Mabo v Queensland [No.
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