All of these concepts and methods 1. This section ease of preparation and understanding. Anyone can construction industry, such as Gantt chart and CPM, understand them. Bar charts particularly appeal to review current application of LOB and its variations, persons who do not have a technical background.
For and indicates the inability of LOB in solving the example, some clients and upper-level managers may construction interferences of two or more utility better understand the plan for carrying out a lines.
The advent 1. Gantt in and is called a Gantt chart. A bar lose importance. Mubarak, A bar chart has become a vehicle for activity. On the other hand, there The main limitation of bar chart is lack of logical is evidence that contractors do not use networks in representation. Bar charts do not reveal the answers highly repetitive jobs because of their belief that high of relationship.
Although some software repletion would reduce the chances of successful programmers tried to depict logical relationships on scheduling and control by networks Arditi and bar charts, the result was not always clear. The logic Albulak, CPM-based look better. While applying the bar techniques have been criticized widely in the chart to linear construction project, a huge diagram literature for their inability to model repetitive would repeat n times in scheduling linear and projects Russell and Wong, The first problem repetitive project.
And the bar chart is unable to is the sheer size of the network. In a repetitive project indicate progress rate and actual location. One of the major network scheduling methods This may cause difficulties in communication which have been used in the construction industry is among the members of the construction management CPM critical path method.
This method involves team. The second problem is that the CPM algorithm the use of a geometric representation of flow chart is designed primarily for optimizing project duration which depicts the precedence between activities. The rather than dealing adequately with the special critical path method CPM is a duration-driven resource constraints of repetitive projects.
The CPM technique in which the basic inputs are project algorithm has no capability that would ensure a activities, their durations, and dependence smooth procession of crews from unit to unit with no relationships. Activity durations are functions of the conflict and no idle time for workers and equipment. The CPM formulation assumes that flow of labor and material during construction resources are not restricted in any sense Ammar and Arditi, Sikangwan, and Tokdemir, Mohieldin, In the pipe line or utility a network, but the network notation provides an line instance, the use of basic CPM was laborious; easily understood output format for management the input for work on a typical section was personnel.
Lutz and Hijazi, duplicative and tedious. Further, once the schedule had reached the typical section, it was possible to 1. Line of balance LOB method is complicated projects. It requires practitioners to be trained to understand the CPM. Representative inforc Re construction projects that fit into this category are a ll Re repetitive housing project or a high-rise building.
Insta Lutz and Hijazi, Typical process production or flow line curves are depicted in Figure1. Time Weeks The Figures 1. Non-balanced Production Curves for production flow lines. For example, the sequence of Repetitive Processes Source: Lutz and Hijazi, processes for a high rise building construction project may include form erection, steel installation, concrete The LOB can determine at any time Lumsden, placement, form removal, curtain wall installation, : and glazing. The production rate for impact production; a process can be determined from its slope.
It focuses on on operating capital than necessary, and the required delivery of completed quantities. This phenomenon of production rate imbalance has the potential for negatively impacting project Benefits and limitations performance by causing work stoppages, inefficient The major benefit of the LOB methodology is utilization of allocated resources, and excessive costs.
The LOB plot for a linear curves of following process because of different construction project can be easily constructed, can production rates and insufficient lag between start show at a glance what is wrong with the progress of times of processes.
Although LOB methodology can be used to aid in the planning and control of any type of project it is better suited for application to repetitive projects as opposed to non-repetitive projects. A limitation of the LOB methodology is that it assumes that production www. Due to the stochastic nature of construction processes, the assumption that The Gantt chart and critical path method production rates of construction projects and CPM scheduling technique are populous in processes are linear may be erroneous.
Additionally, construction projects for the easy-to-use softwares, the objective of many planning techniques based on such as Primavera Project Planning. Traditionally the LOB concept is to reduce project duration with CPM scheduling has originally been applied to little regard for project cost Reda, industrial process and later been introduced to the building construction projects. The technique has also Barriers to Implementing LOB Time, cost, quality target and participation The application of the LOB methodology by the satisfaction have been identified as the main criteria US construction industry had been very limited.
Actual project schedule and methodology are not currently commercially project information from 15 case studies of available. The method which is currently not supported by derived model was verified and confirmed significant computer. However, researchers at several statistically. My gratitude knows no bounds to all those who help me. Raymund de Laza. Joined: 22 Nov John Peter. Muhammad you are absolutely right this forum is made to help all planners in our community. Gary its a shame that people dont help each other i am not ask for the programme i am just asking for the list of activities List of activities does not belongs to any programme and it is always good to share your experience and best practices you have used.
Those who not share are mostly P6 jockey and I appreciate and salute all those project professional who are helping planning community without thinking about doesn't know how to do their job to stay in a job which they don't deserve,feel it is giving away their experience for free" they all are mean little buggers and they should not be on this forum Cheers.
I need some list of Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing activities. Sun, Gary Whitehead. Joined: 24 Mar Muhammad, Most people on this forum don't share their programmes. The list of activities depends on what is required by the Contract Project. Rafael Davila 5, posts. Mike Testro 4, posts. Zoltan Palffy 2, posts. Vladimir Liberzon 2, posts.
Samer Zawaydeh 1, posts. Rodel Marasigan 1, posts. Anoon Iimos 1, posts. Alexandre Faulx-B Dieter Wambach 1, posts. Gary Whitehead 1, posts.
Project managers can decide to keep the original dates if their resources are able to proceed as planned, or delay the successor tasks if there are hard dependencies. Effort-driven impacts Manually scheduled tasks cannot be set to effort-driven. The duration of a manually scheduled task will not change as more resources are assigned to it, or removed from it.
Learn more about later in this article. The following table shows how Project attributes are defined and used for scheduling manually and automatically scheduled tasks.
Can be number, date, or text information, such as "14d" or "fortnight". Not used by Project to help schedule the project if value is not in a recognizable format for duration. Can be assigned to tasks. Used by Project to Help determine best schedule. Will change the duration of tasks if tasks are set to effort-driven, unlike manually scheduled tasks. Can be a number, date or text information, such as "Jan 30" or "Sometime soon. Only date information can be used.
Can be a date or text information, such as "Jan 30" or "Sometime soon. Can be used, but won't change the scheduling of the task. However, task links will reschedule a task when first applied. Project and resource calendars. Automatically scheduled tasks are the classic way Project schedules your tasks. Automatic scheduling provides a highly structured, systematic means of managing project schedules.
If anything about your project changes after you create your schedule, you can update the tasks or resources and Project adjusts the schedule for you. You can enter resources in your project and then assign them to tasks to indicate which resource is responsible for completing each assignment.
Not only does this help you plan project staffing, it can also help you to calculate the number of machines needed or the quantity of material to be consumed.
If you enter resources, task schedules are further refined according to the following resource information:. Other elements, such as lead time and lag time for links, task types, resource availability, and the driving resource, can affect scheduling, so understanding the effects of these elements can help you to maintain and adjust your schedule as needed.
Note: Project calculates the duration of automatically scheduled tasks based on the definitions of the duration units Click File , click Options , then click Schedule. Just like a normal monthly calendar, the year begins in January and each week begins on Sunday or Monday. By default, when Project calculates duration units, one day equals 8 hours, one week equals 40 hours, and one month equals 20 working days.
If you enter start and finish dates for tasks and don't enter start and finish times, Project uses A. You can change a task's scheduling back and forth from automatic to manual click File , click Options , then click Schedule. When you change task modes, keep the following in mind. A task that is changed to automatic scheduling will have duration and dates set to Project's default settings.
For example, Project will change a manually scheduled task with a duration of "A couple weeks" to the default of "1 day? A task that is changed to manually scheduled will retain its duration and dates. However, after the task is set to manually scheduled, the duration and dates can be any number, text, or date value.
Float also known as slack helps you find those tasks that can budge without changing the end date of your project. You may want to view tasks that currently can slip without affecting the critical path total slack or those tasks that can slip before affecting the task that they are connected to free slack.
While in the Gantt chart, click Format , then select the Slack check box. Float appears as a thin line attached to the end or beginning of Gantt bars. Use the Detail Gantt view. Now, back in the Gantt chart, click Tables , then click Schedule. If a task that is constrained to a date has a predecessor that finishes too late for the successor to begin on the date specified in the constraint, negative slack can occur. Negative slack will even further constrain the end date of your project.
Deadline dates can affect the total slack on tasks. If you enter a deadline date before the end of the task's total slack, total slack will be recalculated by using the deadline date rather than the task's late finish date. The task becomes critical if the total slack reaches zero.
Deadline dates don't usually affect task scheduling. They are used to indicate a target date you don't want to miss, without requiring you to set a task constraint that could affect scheduling if predecessor tasks change.
A task with a deadline is scheduled just like any other task, but when a task finishes after its deadline, Project displays a task indicator notifying you that the task missed its deadline. To review or change a task deadline, right-click on the task, click Task Information , then click the Advanced tab. Use the Deadline box. You can set deadlines for summary tasks as well as individual tasks.
If the summary task's deadline conflicts with any of the subtasks, the deadline indicator signifies a missed deadline among the subtasks. The task is scheduled to finish on the deadline date, though the task could still finish after its deadline if its predecessors slipped. Calendars determine the standard working time and non-working time, such as weekends and holidays, for the project. Note: The dates of manually scheduled tasks if entered will not change based upon changes to the project or resource calendars.
Project calendars are used to determine the resource availability, how resources that are assigned to tasks are scheduled, and how the tasks themselves are scheduled. Project and task calendars are used in scheduling the tasks, and if resources are assigned to tasks, resource calendars are used as well.
When you add a task calendar to a task and set the calendar setting to Scheduling ignores resource calendars in the Task Information box, the task calendar controls the scheduling and will ignore the schedule of any resources assigned to the task.
To work with calendars, click Project , then click Change Working Time. These are the foundations for the other types of calendars. You can also choose a base calendar to be the project calendar, and you can apply a base calendar to tasks as a task calendar or as the default hours for a resource calendar.
You can customize your own base calendar by using any of the base calendars provided. The Standard calendar The Standard calendar is the default calendar for the project, and is the basis for resource calendars.
This calendar reflects a traditional work schedule: Monday through Friday, A. The Hours calendar can be used when resources and tasks are scheduled for different shifts around the clock, or when equipment resources work on tasks continuously.
These set the standard working and non-working times for the project as a whole. If resource calendars or task calendars are not used, tasks are scheduled during the working time on the project calendar by default.
These are usually based on the Project calendar at the time of resource creation. You can change working time or nonworking time for specific resources or a set of resources, ensuring that resources are scheduled only when they are available for work.
If you have changed working or nonworking time on a resource calendar and the resource is assigned to a task, the task is scheduled during the working time on the resource calendar. This may also affect the finish date of the task. Resources can either inherit the nonworking time from the base calendar, or override this time with nonworking time settings on the resource calendar.
These can be used to define working times for tasks outside the working times in the project calendar. Task calendars are created like other calendars. When a task calendar is assigned to a task and the resource assigned to the task has different working times in its resource calendar, the task is scheduled for the overlapping working time of the two calendars. But you can set a task option to ignore resource calendars and schedule the task through the resource's non-working time.
If no task calendar is specified for a task, the Project calendar will be used to schedule the task. If you don't assign resources to tasks in your project, Project calculates the schedule using durations, task dependencies, constraints, and project and task calendar information. If you do assign resources, the tasks are also scheduled according to resources' calendars and assignment units, providing for more accurate scheduling.
Note: Manually scheduled tasks are not affected by resource calendars. When a resource is assigned to a manually scheduled task, the scheduling of the task will not change. An assignment is the association of a specific task with a specific resource that is responsible for completing the task. More than one resource can be assigned to a task. Work resources, material resources, and cost resources can be assigned to tasks. Unlike work resources, assigning material resources or cost resources to a task does not affect task scheduling.
For example, in your project you have a task named Develop specifications. You also have an engineering resource, Sean. If you assign Sean to the Develop specifications task, the scheduling of this task depends on Sean's resource calendar and assignment units, in addition to task information such as duration, task dependencies, constraints, and calendars.
In addition to scheduling according to task information, after you assign resources to the tasks in your project, Project has additional resource and assignment information to use in calculating schedule information, including:. The amount of work or overtime work the resource is assigned to do, and how that work is distributed over time. Work distribution over time can also be affected by work contours. The number of assignment units for the resource, that is, part-time, full-time, or multiple, on the task.
The task type, which affects how a schedule changes if you revise the existing assignment. The three task types are fixed unit, fixed duration, and fixed work.
Whether the task is effort-driven. If a task is effort-driven, as resources are added or removed on the assignment, the work remains constant for the task and is redistributed among the resources. For fixed-unit tasks, for example, one result is that if more resources are assigned, a shorter duration is required to complete the task.
See above in this article to learn more about the effort-driven setting. Resource calendars. Project schedules the assigned resources based on the working and nonworking times indicated on their resource calendars. Work contours allow you to fine-tune when resources are working on tasks, such as during a ramp-up phase. In the Task Usage view, right-click the name of the resource assigned to a task, then select a pre-defined work pattern in the Work contour list.
After selecting the pattern, you can manually tweak the hours in the time-phased portion of the usage view. To assign resources to tasks, click the Resource tab, and then click Assign Resources. Add holidays and vacation days. Display the critical path to help bring in the end date of your project. Set the start date or finish date for your project. Top-down planning.
The big picture: How is a project scheduled? What are the default settings for calculating the schedule? How do constraints affect the schedule? What information can help me analyze my project's progress? Other elements, such as lead time and lag time, task types, resource availability, and the driving resource, can affect scheduling, so understanding the effects of these elements can help you to maintain and adjust your schedule as needed.
If you enter a start date for the project, by default, Project schedules tasks to begin on the project's start date and calculates the project's finish date based on the last task to finish. As you enter more information about tasks, such as task dependencies, durations, and constraints, Project adjusts the schedule to reflect more accurate dates for tasks. When you schedule a project from the start date, all tasks start at the project start date unless you specify otherwise.
With no task dependencies or constraints applied, the project's duration is the same as the duration of the longest task. Nearly all projects should be scheduled from a known start date. Even if you know the date that a project must be completed, scheduling from a start date gives you the maximum flexibility. You should set other constraints only when necessary.
If you change your project to schedule from a finish date and it was previously scheduled from a start date, you will remove all leveling delays and leveling splits from tasks and assignments.
If you use automatic leveling to reduce resource overallocations in your project, Project will add a leveling delay after a task rather than before a task. Project calculates the duration of tasks based on the definitions of the duration units on the Calendar tab of the Options dialog box Tools menu. When you need to control the start or finish date of a task, you can change the constraint on the task.
Flexible constraints work with task dependencies to make a task occur as soon or as late as the task dependency will allow. For example, a task with an As Soon As Possible ASAP constraint and a finish-to-start dependency will be scheduled as soon as the predecessor task finishes.
Inflexible constraints override any task dependencies by default and restrict a task to a date you choose. To review or change the constraint on a task, select the task, click Task Information , and then click the Advanced tab.
To review or change a task deadline, select the task, click Task Information , and then click the Advanced tab. Calendars determine the standard working time and nonworking time, such as weekends and holidays, for the project. They are used to determine the resource availability, how resources that are assigned to tasks are scheduled, and how the tasks themselves are scheduled. Base calendars These are the foundations for the other types of calendars. Project provides three base calendars: the Standard, Hours, and Night Shift calendars.
Project calendars These set the standard working and nonworking times for the project as a whole. Resource calendars These are based on the Standard calendar by default. Task calendars These can be used to define working times for tasks outside the working times in the project calendar.
But you can set a task option to ignore resource calendars and schedule the task through the resource's nonworking time. To work with calendars, on the Tools menu, click Change Working Time. In addition to scheduling according to task information, after you assign resources to the tasks in your project, Project has resource and assignment information to use in calculating schedule information, including:.
To assign resources to tasks, click Assign Resources. Five pieces of task information help you analyze progress as you track tasks in your project: duration, work, start date, finish date, and cost.
Variations of each of these types of fields help you compare and evaluate your progress: planned, scheduled, actual, and remaining. For example, for one task, there can be fields of information containing planned work, scheduled work, actual work, and remaining work. The contents of these fields might match one another, or they might all be different. Variances between certain fields can also be examined for useful tracking information.
For this reason, these fields are referred to as tracking fields. Planned information is also known as baseline information. When you build and refine your project to the point where you are confident that you can start the project, you have a good beginning point, or baseline. If you save baseline task information at that point, at later points throughout the project you can compare your current progress against your initial plan.
Saving the baseline is essential for meaningful project tracking and analysis. To save baseline information, click Tools , point to Tracking , and then click Save Baseline. When you save a baseline, the five key pieces of information work, cost, duration, start date, and finish date are saved for each task in the project.
Later when you are tracking a particular task, you can quickly see whether you are using more or less work or cost than you had originally planned, or if the task is starting or finishing earlier or later than planned. The baseline information is used to calculate variances against scheduled information.
It is also used in many earned value calculations.
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